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The '''Polestones''' are the ten varieties of gemstone that naturally hold [[Stormlight]]. They also serve as the basis of [[spheres]], the basic Rosharan money system.{{book ref|sa1|3}} In addition to the ability to hold Stormlight, polestonesPolestones are able to trap [[spren]]. The type of spren that can be trapped depends on the polestonePolestone used and its cut. This quality serves as the basis for [[fabrial]]s.{{ref|name=Navani1}} Each Polestone is associated with one of the [[Ten Essences]] and with an Order of [[Knights Radiant]].{{book ref|sa1|ars}}

Some polestonesPolestones are the same type of crystal but with different color and chemical signatures. Sapphire and ruby are both types of corundum. Smokestone and amethyst are both types of quartz. Emerald and heliodor are both types of beryl. Much like how [[iron]] and [[steel]], despite being very similar chemically, are different metals in the [[Metallic Arts]], the exact color and chemical signatures are enough to differentiate the polestonesPolestones. As a result, an off-color polestonePolestone acts much like an impure alloy in [[Allomancy]].{{wob ref|4080}} If a polestonePolestone was drained of its color by an [[Awakener]], it would still hold Stormlight but would have the properties of a dusty or cloudy quartz.{{wob ref|3203}}{{wob ref|295}} If a spren was trapped inside, they would be released.{{wob ref|292}}

Although the type of polestonePolestone Stormlight is stored in is irrelevant for most [[Surgebinding]], polestonesPolestones do have an important impact on Soulcasting. Namely, they determine what kind of substances a Soulcaster can transmute objects into.{{wob ref|2784}} It is believed to be impossible to create polestonesPolestones via Soulcasting.{{book ref|sa1|33}}

If a polestonePolestone is set in the pommel of a deceased [[Shardblade]] it allows the blade to be bonded, whereby it can be summoned and dismissed.{{book ref|sa2|67}} Synthetic versions of the polestonesPolestones could also be used in fabrials.{{wob ref|2702}}

While polestonesPolestones are produced via mining, a significant source of them on Roshar is the harvesting of the [[gemheart]]s that grow inside [[greatshell]]s. Larger species of greathshell, like [[chasmfiend]]s, produce gemhearts of great size, which are incredibly useful in Soulcasting as a larger stone is less likely to break from the strain.{{book ref|sa1|13}} This trait however has led to many species of greatshells, such as the [[lanceryn]], to go extinct.{{book ref|sa1|36}} The exact method by which gemhearts are grown is not understood, though it is known to be caused by a leak from the [[Spiritual Realm]] into the [[Physical Realm|Physical]], and is analogous, though not identical, to the production of [[atium]] in the [[Pits of Hathsin]] on [[Scadrial]].{{wob ref|4678}} Although they may have flaws, gemheart polestonesPolestones have virtually no impurities, unlike their conventionally mined counterparts.{{wob ref|6625}}

'''Perfect gemstones''' occur when one of the polestonesPolestones forms without any flaws or imperfections which allows them to hold light indefinitely.{{book ref|sa3|i|13}} [[Spren]] living in [[Shadesmar]] use perfect stones to store the Stormlight they use for currency.{{book ref|sa3|99}} The [[King's Drop]] is a perfect gemstone that has been held in the [[Thaylen Gemstone Reserve]] for over two hundred years without being renewed or losing stormlight.{{book ref|sa3|i|13}} The [[Elsecallers]] were tasked with protecting perfect gems, including a ruby named [[Honor's Drop]].{{epigraph ref|sa3|83}}

It is possible to transfer light from filled, small gemstone to a large and empty gemstone of its type by holding the filled gemstone to the empty one.{{book ref|sa4|42}} This method of transfer is slow and inefficient, however the [[Thaylen|Thaylens]] discovered an efficient way of transferring Stormlight from one gemstone to another.{{book ref|sa4|42}} By using a tuning fork of a specific frequency, a person can touch an infused gemstone and then touch the fork to the empty gemstone for a rapid mode of transfer. With the Thaylen method, the type of polestonePolestone does not matter, and light can be transferred from any type to any type.{{book ref|sa4|42}} It is unknown how far the tuning fork can be brought before transfer is impossible, or the decay rate.{{book ref|sa4|42}}